Descolonizar o museu: exposição e mediação dos espólios africanos em museus europeus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/rlec.3110Palavras-chave:
curadoria partilhada, discurso museológico, exposição, museu colonial, museu pós-colonialResumo
Os primeiros museus surgiram na Europa, no contexto dos impérios coloniais e do pensamento hegemónico, assente nas teorias evolucionistas da época, tornando-se um instrumento ao serviço do poder dominante. O fim do colonialismo provocou uma rutura no modelo dos museus evolucionistas, trazendo para debate novas formas de interpretação, exposição e comunicação dos espólios provenientes de culturas não europeias. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o fenómeno de descolonização do museu, partindo de uma análise diacrónica para abordar as questões relacionadas com a restituição dos objetos aos grupos culturais de origem e com a reformulação dos discursos museológicos, nomeadamente, através de projetos de curadoria partilhada. A investigação realizada é qualitativa, descritiva e conceptual, fundamentando-se na pesquisa bibliográfica e na análise crítica dos dados recolhidos, cujos resultados se estruturam em quatro pontos: os discursos colonialistas dos primeiros museus; debates pós-colonialistas; descolonização e restituição dos objetos aos grupos de origem; agentes e fatores da descolonização do museu na contemporaneidade. Como hipótese de investigação, sugere-se que a descolonização do museu é um processo em evolução e que se desenvolve através da recuperação do sentido original dos objetos e da representação das comunidades de origem, assegurando-lhes a integração das suas narrativas e a participação ativa e paritária nas práticas museológicas.
Downloads
Referências
Aldrich, R. (2010). Colonial museums in a post-colonial Europe. In D. Thomas (Ed.), Museums in postcolonial Europe (pp. 12-31). Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Aldrich, R. (2012). Commemorating colonialism in a post-colonial world. E-Rea: Revue Electronique d’Etudes Sur Le Monde Anglophone, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/erea.2803
Bennett, T. (1998). Culture: a reformer’s science. Londres, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bennett, T. (2004). Past beyond memory: evolution, museums, colonialism. Londres: Routledge.
Bennett, T. (2006). The birth of the museum: history, theory, politics. Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Boast, R. (2011). Neocolonial collaboration: museum as contact zone revisited. Museum Anthropology, 34(1), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01107.x
Boursiquot, F. (2014). Ethnographic museums: from colonial exposition to intercultural dialogue. In I. Chambers; A. Angelis; C. Ianniciello & M. Orabona (Eds.), The postcolonial museum: the arts of memory and the pressures of history (pp. 63-71). Farnham: Ashgate.
British Museum ‘won’t remove controversial objects’ from display (2020, 28 de setembro). BBC. Retirado de https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-54325905
Brown, K. (2019, 05 de fevereiro). The German government is putting more than $2 million behind restitution research into objects. Artnet. Retirado de https://news.artnet.com/art-world/germany-restitution-1456681%0A
Chambers, I., Angelis, A., Ianniciello, C. & Orabona, M. (Eds.) (2014). The postcolonial museum: the arts of memory and the pressures of history. Farnham: Ashgate.
Chapman, W. R. (1985). Arranging ethnology: A. H. L. F. Pitt Rivers and the typological tradition. In G. W. Stocking (Ed.), Objects and others: essays on museum and material culture (pp. 15-48). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Chirac, J. (2006). Déclaration de M. Jacques Chirac, Président de la République, sur le Musée du Quai Branly et le dialogue entre les cultures du Nord et du Sud, à Paris le 20 juin 2006. Paris. Retirado de https://www.elysee.fr/jacques-chirac/2006/06/20/declaration-de-m-jacques-chirac-president-de-la-republique-sur-le-musee-du-quai-branly-et-le-dialogue-entre-les-cultures-du-nord-et-du-sud-a-paris-le-20-juin-2006
Classen, C. & Howes, D. (2006). The museum as sensescape: western sensibilities and indigenous artifacts. In E. Edwards; C. Gosden & R. B. Phillips (Eds.), Sensible objects: colonialism, museums and material culture (pp. 199-222). Oxford: Berg.
Clifford, J. (1997). Travel and translation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Clifford, J. (2007). Quai Branly in process. October, 120, 3-23. Retirado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/40368466
Cury, M. X. (2020). Repatriamento e remanescentes humanos: musealia, musealidade e musealização de objetos indígenas. Em Questão, 10(10), 1-29.
Dias, N. (2007). Le musée du quai Branly: une généalogie. Le Débat, 5(147), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.3917/deba.147.0065
Edwards, E., Gosden, C. & Phillips, R. B. (2006). Introduction. In E. Edwards; C. Gosden & R. B. Phillips (Eds.), Sensible objects: colonialism, museums and material culture (pp. 1-31). Oxford: Berg.
Fox, P. (1992). Memory, the mseum and the postcolonial world. Meanjin, 51(2), 308-318.
Gosden, Chris & Larson, F. (2007). Knowing things: exploring the collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum 1884-1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gosden, C. (2001). Postcolonial archaeology: issues of culture, identity, and knowledge. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 241-261). Cambridge: Polity.
Gosden, C. (2002). Anthropology and archaeology: a changing relationship. Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Gurian, E. H. (2006). Civilizing the museum: the collected writings of Elaine Heumann Gurian. Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Hall, S. (1992). The question of cultural identity. In T. McGrew; S. Hall & D. Held (Eds.), Modernity and its futures (pp. 273-316). Cambridge: Polity Press, Open University.
Herle, A., Wastiau, B., Gryseels, G., Bocoum, H. & Bose, F. von. (2017). L’effet Branly. Les Actes de Colloques Du Musée Du Quai Branly Jacques Chirac, (8). https://doi.org/10.4000/actesbranly.777
Hicks, D. (2013). Characterizing the world archaeology collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum. In D. Hicks & A. Stevenson (Eds.), World archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: a characterization (pp. 1-15). Oxford: Archaeopress.
Hoerig, K. A. (2010). From third person to first: a call for reciprocity among non-native and native museums. Museum Anthropology, 33(3), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01076.x
Hooper-Greenhill, E. (2000). Museums and the interpretation of visual culture. Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Hooper-Greenhill, E. (2007). Museums and education: purpose, pedagogy, performance. Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Ikram, S. (2011). Collecting and repatriating Egypt’s past: toward a new nationalism. In H. Silverman (Ed.), Contested cultural heritage: religion, nationalism, erasure, and exclusion in a global world (pp. 141-154). Londres, Nova Iorque: Springer.
Jaakkola, E. (2020). Designing conceptual articles: four approaches. AMS Review, 10(1-2), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-020-00161-0
Jacknis, I. (1985). Franz Boas and exhibits: on the limitations of the museum method of Anthropology. In G. W. Stocking (Ed.), Objects and others: essays on museums and material culture (pp. 75-111). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Janes, R. R. & Sandell, R. (2019). Posterity has arrived: the necessary emergence of museum activism. In R. R. Janes & R. Sandell (Eds.), Museum activism (pp. 1-21). Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Jenkins, D. (1994). Object lessons and ethnographic displays: museum exhibitions and the making of American anthropology. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 36(2), 242-270. Retirado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/179259
Keuren, D. K. van. (1984). Museums and ideology: Augustus Pitt-Rivers, anthropological museums, and social change in later Victorian Britain. Victorian Studies, 28(1), 171-189. Retirado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/3826763
Kilomba, G. (2010). Plantation memories: episodes of everyday racism. Münster: Unrast Verlag.
L’Estoile, B. de. (2007). Le goût des autres: de l’exposition coloniale aux arts premiers. Paris: Flammarion.
Lebovics, H. (2006). The Musée du Quai Branly: art? Artifact? Spectacle!. French Politics Culture & Society, 24(3), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.3167/153763706780586783
Lebovics, H. (2009). Will the Musée du Quai Branly show France the way to postcoloniality?. African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal, 2(2), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/17528630902981357
Lebovics, H. (2010). Le Musée du quai Branly: politique de l’art de la postcolonialité. In A. Mbembe; F. Vergès; F. Bernault; A. Boubeker; N. Bancel & P. Blanchard (Eds.), Ruptures postcoloniales: les nouveaux visages de la société française (pp. 443-454). Paris: La Découverte.
Lima-Filho, M., Abreu, R. & Athias, R. (Eds.) (2016). Museus e atores sociais: perspectivas antropológicas. Recife: Editora UFPE, Aba Publicações.
Malnick, E. (2020, 26 de setembro). Museums told to stop pulling down statues or risk funding cuts. The Telegraph. Retirado de https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/09/26/museums-told-stop-pulling-statues-risk-funding-cuts/
McGrane, B. (1989). Beyond anthropology: society and the other. Nova Iorque, Londres: Columbia University Press.
Naumann, P. (2006). Making a museum: “it is making theater,not writing theory”: an interview with Stéphane Martin, Président-directeur général, Musée du quai Branly. Museum Anthropology, 29(2), 118-127. https://doi.org/10.1525/mua.2006.29.2.118
Nayar, P. K. (2015). Postcolonial studies dictionary. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.
Oliveira, J. P. de & Santos, R. de C. M. (2016). Descolonizando a ilusão museal: Etnografia de uma proposta expositiva. In M. Lima-Filho; R. Abreu & R. Athias (Eds.), Museus e atores sociais: perspectivas antropológicas (pp. 17-58). Recife: Editora UFPE, Aba Publicações.
Phillips, R. (2005). Re-placing objects: historical practices for the second museum age. Canadian Historical Review, 86(1), 83-110. https://doi.org/10.3138%2FCHR%2F86.1.83
Price, S. (2001). Primitive art in civilized places. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Price, S. (2007). Paris primitive: Jacques Chirac’s museum on the Quai Branly. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Qureshi, S. (2014). Dramas of development: exhibitions and evolution in Victorian Britain. In B. V. Lightman & B. Zon (Eds.), Evolution and Victorian culture (pp. 261-285). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139236195.011
Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. Nova Iorque: Vintage Books.
Sauvage, A. (2010). To be or not to be colonial: museums facing their exhibitions. Culturales, 6(12), 97-116. Retirado de http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-11912010000200005&lng=es&nrm=iso
Savoy, B. & Sarr, F. (2018). Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain: vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle. Retirado de http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_fr.pdf
Savoy, B. & Sarr, F. (2019). Restituer le patrimoine africain. Paris: Philippe Rey, Seuil.
Seremetakis, C. N. (Ed.) (1996). The senses still: perception and memory as material culture in modernity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Simine, S. A. (2013). Mediating memory in the museum: trauma, empathy, nostalgia. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; Nova Iorque: Palgrave Macmillan.
Simpson, M. G. (2001). Making representations: Museums in the post-colonial era. Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Staeuble, I. (2007). Entangled in the eurocentric order of knowledge: Why psychology is difficult to decolonize. In V. van Deventer; M. T. Blanche; E. Fourie & P. Segalo (Eds.), Citizen city: between constructing agent and constructed agency (pp. 89-97). Concorde, Ont.: Captus University Publications.
Stocking, G. W., Mason, O. T. & Powell, J. W. (1994). Dogmatism, pragmatism, essentialism, relativism: the Boas/Mason museum debate revisited. History of Anthropology Newsletter, 21(1), 3-12.
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R. & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: a guidebook and resource (4.ª ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Thomas, D. (Ed.) (2010). Museums in postcolonial Europe. Londres, Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Tolia-Kelly, D. P. (2016). Feeling and being at the (postcolonial) museum: presencing the affective politics of ‘race’ and culture. Sociology, 50(5), 896-912. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516649554
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2020 Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Os autores são titulares dos direitos de autor, concedendo à revista o direito de primeira publicação. O trabalho é licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
