Subsídios para a análise da festa: o carnaval visto pelas Ciências Sociais

Carmo Daun e Lorena

doi:10.21814/rlec.2110

Authors

Carmo Daun e Lorena Universidade do Minho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-8092

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21814/rlec.2110

Keywords:

festivity, carnival, Social Sciences, theory

Abstract

Festivities not always are taken seriously as objects of study, but they have long attracted the attention of social scientists and other researchers. However, its analysis tends to be restricted and enclosed in some classical conceptions that, although relevant and useful, have become mere buzzwords and do not live up to the richness and complexity of this field of study. This article aims to provide some insights for the analysis of the festivities, focusing particularly on carnival and the way it has been treated by Social Sciences. It begins by exposing and discussing some theoretical recurrences – namely the theories of inversion, escape valve, resistance and communitas – and then presents other analytical perspectives that look at different facets of the festivities – cultural, social, economic and political – thus suggesting more in-depth and committed approaches to social reality and less hostage to the abstraction and dryness of theoretical models.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agier, M. (1992). Ethnopolitique: racisme, statuts et mouvement noir à Bahia. Cahiers d’Études Africaines, 32(125), 53-81. https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1992.2088

Agier, M. (1996). As mães pretas do Ilê Aiyê: nota sobre o espaço mediano da cultura. Afro-Ásia, (18), 189-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/1981-1411afro-ásia.v0i18.20905

Agier, M. (2000). Anthropologie du carnaval. La ville, la fête et l’Afrique à Bahia. Marseille: Éditions Parenthèses.

Armstrong, P. (2010). Bahian carnival and social carnivalesque in trans-Atlantic context. Social Identities, 16(4), 447-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2010.497722

Bakhtin, M. (1984/1965). Rabelais and his world. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Balandier, G. (1999). O inverso. In O poder em cena (pp. 67-94). Coimbra: Minerva.

Baroja, J. C. (1965). El carnaval. Análisis histórico-cultural. Madrid: Taurus.

Caillois, R. (1988/1939, 1950). O sagrado de transgressão: teoria da festa. In O Homem e o sagrado (pp. 95-124). Lisboa: Edições 70.

Caillois, R. (2001/1958). Man, play, and games. Urbana; Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Chasteen, J. C. (1996). The prehistory of samba: carnival dancing in Rio de Janeiro, 1840-1917. Journal of Latin American Studies, 28(1), 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X00012621

Cohen, A. (1980). Drama and politics in the development of a London carnival. Man, 15(1), 65-87. https://doi.org/10.2307/2802003

Cohen, A. (1993). Masquerade politics: explorations in the structure of urban cultural movements. Oxford; Providence: Berg.

Da Matta, R. (1977/1973). O carnaval como um rito de passagem. In Ensaios de Antropologia estrutural (pp. 19-66). Petrópolis: Editora Vozes.

Da Matta, R. (1997/1979). Carnavais, malandros e heróis. Para uma sociologia do dilema brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Rocco.

Fernandes, N. da N. (2001). Escolas de samba: sujeitos celebrantes e objetos celebrados. Rio de Janeiro, 1928-1949. Rio de Janeiro: Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

Freitas, P. A. de. (1994). Playing mas’: the construction and deconstruction of national identity in the Trinidad carnival. Tese de doutoramento. Hamilton: McMaster University.

Freitas, P. A. de. (2007). The masquerader-anthropologist: the poetics and politics of studying carnival. In G. L. Green & P. W. Scher (Eds.), Trinidad carnival. The cultural politics of a transnational festival (pp. 48-61). Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. Selected essays. New York: Basic Books.

Gluckman, M. (1955). The licence in ritual. In Custom and conflict in Africa (pp. 109-136). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Gluckman, M. (1963). Rituals of rebellion in South-East Africa. In Order and rebellion in tribal Africa (pp. 110-136). London: Cohen & West.

Green, G. L. (2002). Marketing the nation. Carnival and tourism in Trinidad and Tobago. Critique of Anthropology, 22(3), 283-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X02022003759

Green, G. L. (2007a). ‘Come to life’: authenticity, value, and the carnival as cultural commodity in Trinidad and Tobago. Identities, 14(1–2), 203-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/10702890601102670

Green, G. L. (2007b). Authenticity, commerce, and nostalgia in the Trinidad carnival. In G. L. Green & P. W. Scher (Eds.), Trinidad carnival. The cultural politics of a transnational festival (pp. 62-83). Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Green, G. L. & Scher, P. W. (Eds.) (2007). Trinidad carnival. The cultural politics of a transnational festival. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Heers, J. (1987). Festas de loucos e carnavais. Lisboa: Dom Quixote.

Ho, C. G. T. (2000). Popular culture and the aesthetization of politics: hegemonic struggle and postcolonial nationalism in Trinidad carnival. Transforming Anthropology, 9(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1525/tran.2000.9.1.3

Le Roy Ladurie, E. (1979). Le carnaval de romans. De la chandeleur au mercredi des cendres 1579-1580. Paris: Gallimard.

Lorena Santos, M. do C. (2018). Classe, memória e identidade em Cabo Verde: uma etnografia do carnaval de São Vicente. Tese de doutoramento. Lisboa: Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa.

Morales, A. (1991). Blocos negros em Salvador: reelaboração cultural e símbolos de baianidade. Caderno CRH, 4, 72-92. https://doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v4i0.18844

Nagle, J. (2009). The carnival and status reversals: multicultural public spectacles. In Multiculturalism’s double bind. Creating inclusivity, cosmopolitanism and difference (pp. 101-123). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Queiroz, M. I. P. de. (1985). Escolas de samba do Rio de Janeiro ou a domesticação da massa urbana. Cadernos CERU (Centro de Estudos Rurais e Urbanos), (1), 7-35.

Queiroz, M. I. P. de. (1994). A ordem carnavalesca. Tempo Social, 6(1/2), 27-45.

Raphael, A. (1990). From popular culture to microenterprise: The history of brazilian samba schools. Latin American Music Review, 11(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.2307/780359

Risério, A. (1995). Carnaval: as cores da mudança. Afro-Ásia, 16, 90-106. https://doi.org/10.9771/1981-1411afro-ásia.v0i16.20848

Scheper-Hughes, N. (1992). Carnaval. The dance against death. In Death without weeping. The violence of everyday life in Brazil (pp. 480-502). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Scher, P. W. (2002). Copyright heritage: preservation, carnival and the state in Trinidad. Anthropological Quarterly, 75(3), 453-484.

Scher, P. W. (2007a). The devil and the bed-wetter. Carnival, memory, national culture, and post-colonial conciousness in Trinidad. Western Folklore, 66(1/2), 107-126.

Scher, P. W. (2007b). When ‘natives’ become tourists of themselves: returning transnationals and the carnival in Trinidad and Tobago. In G. L. Green & P. W. Scher (Eds.), Trinidad carnival. The cultural politics of a transnational festival (pp. 84-101). Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Scott, J. C. (1990). Rituals of reversal, carnival and fêtes. In Domination and the arts of resistance. Hidden transcripts (pp. 172-182). New Haven: Yale University Press.

Sheriff, R. E. (1999). The theft of carnaval: national spectacle and racial politics in Rio de Janeiro. Cultural Anthropology, 14(1), 3-28.

Sodré, M. (1998/1979). Samba, o dono do corpo. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad Editora.

Stallybrass, P., & White, A. (1986). The politics and poetics of transgression. Ithaca; New York: Cornell University Press.

Stewart, J. (1986). Patronage and control in the Trinidad carnival. In V. Turner & E. M. Bruner (Eds.), The Anthropology of experience (pp. 289-315). University of Illinois Press.

Turner, V. (1983). Carnaval in Rio: dionysian drama in an industrializing society. In F. E. Manning (Ed.), The celebration of society: perspectives on contemporary cultural performance (pp. 103-124). Bowling Green: Bowling Green University Popular Press.

Turner, V. (1988). The Anthropology of performance. New York: PAJ Publications.

Vale de Almeida, M. (1997). Ser português na Trinidad: etnicidade, subjectividade e poder. Etnográfica, I(1), 9-31.

Vianna, H. (2002/1995). O mistério do samba. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor; Editora UFRJ.

Zavitz, A. L. & Allahar, A. L. (2002). Racial politics and cultural identity in Trinidad’s carnival. Identity, 2(2), 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0202_02